Next-Generation Smart Farming: IoT and AI Approaches for Animal Intrusion Detection and Livestock Protection

This research addresses the growing need for intelligent and automated systems in agriculture and livestock protection by integrating sensor networks, IoT, and AI-driven processing for animal intrusion detection and management. The study proposes a comprehensive, multidimensional approach to safeguard crops and livestock from wildlife conflicts and accidental straying. Low-cost field sensors—including PIR, ultrasonic, thermal, and imaging modules—provide continuous monitoring of agricultural and grazing lands. These sensors are interfaced with embedded microcontrollers and IoT platforms (GSM, GPRS, Wi-Fi, LoRa), enabling real-time data acquisition, transmission, and actionable alerts to farmers and land managers. By combining sensors, embedded systems, wireless IoT, and AI-driven analytics, this integrated framework reduces human-animal conflicts, minimizes crop damage, enhances livestock safety, and promotes sustainable, scalable, and energy- efficient farm management. The research demonstrates the practical applicability of ECE technologies in precision agriculture and intelligent livestock management, providing a future-ready solution adaptable to diverse ecological contexts.